The Ten Commandments, proclaimed by God on Mount Sinai and written on the Tablets of the Covenant, read:
I am the Lord your God…
You shall have no other gods…
You shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain…
Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy…
Honor your father and your mother…
You shall not murder.
You shall not commit adultery.
You shall not steal.
You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.
You shall not covet your neighbor's house…or anything that is your neighbor's.
The sages believe that all 613 commandments listed in the Torah are, as it were, special cases and derivatives of the Ten Commandments written on the Tablets of the Covenant. This is discussed in particular detail in the works of Rabbi Saadia Gaon.
The Ten Commandments became the moral foundation of human culture. Wherever Jews were present, idolatry was gradually eradicated. In places where there were no Jews, such as China, India, and other countries of the Far East, idolatry has not yet been eradicated.